ALL INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES ARE AT RISK

ENDANGERED WESTERN HEMISPHERE LANGUAGES: (NOT ALL LISTED)

Abenaki (Eastern & Western)
Apache (various Athabaskan-family languages)
Arikara
Blackfoot
Caddo
Cahuilla
Calusa (extinct)
Catawba
Chemehuevi
Cheyenne
Chickasaw
Chinook Jargon
Choctaw
Cochimí
Coeur d’Alene
Comanche
Cree (endangered varieties)
Crow
Dakota / Lakota / Nakota (Sioux varieties)
Gwich’in
Hawaiian
Hidatsa
Hopi
Hualapai
Hupa
Inupiaq
Karuk
Kaw (Kansa)
Kiowa
Kitsai (extinct)
Klamath
Komchén / Coahuiltecan languages
Mi’kmaq
Mohave
Mohawk
Navajo (Diné)
Nez Perce
Northern Paiute
Ojibwe / Chippewa
Okanagan
Oneida
Osage
Ottawa
Pawnee
Pima / Akimel O’odham
Potawatomi
Quechua (US communities)
Salishan languages
Seneca
Shawnee
Siouan languages
Tewa
Tlingit
Washo
Winnebago / Ho-Chunk
Yuki
Yurok

Boruca
Cora
Huichol (Wixarika)
K’iche’
Kaqchikel
Maya languages
Mixtec
Nahuatl
Otomí
Purépecha
Zapotec

Aché
Arawak languages
Aymara
Bororo
Guarani
Huitoto
Kaingang
Mapuche
Nambikwara
Quechua
Ticuna
Wichí
Yanesha
Yukpa
Záparo

Garífuna
Lenca
Mískito
Pocomam
Xinca

UNESCO Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger,
Ethnologue (SIL International),
U.S. Census Bureau – American Community Survey (ACS) Native Language Use,
Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) – Living Languages Initiative,
Administration for Native Americans (ANA) – Esther Martinez Native American Languages Preservation Act Grants,
U.S. Department of Education – Native American Language grants,
National Museum of Asian Art & National Museum of the American Indian (Smithsonian) language documentation records,
Tribal language program annual reports (Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, Three Affiliated Tribes, Minnesota Dakota communities, Ojibwe tribal governments),
Tribal college language program disclosures (Oglala Lakota College, tribal education departments),
IRS Form 990 filings for tribal colleges and affiliated nonprofit language programs,
National Indian Education Study (NIES),
Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages,
First Peoples’ Cultural Council comparative language vitality frameworks,
Academic linguistic fieldwork records (Boas, Parks, Hollow, Rankin, Mithun),
Community-based speaker counts reported by tribal language programs and immersion schools (non-ACS data).